https://www.cisecurity.org/benchmark/apple_ios Wireless and Mobile Security

Have distinct challenges compared to wired networks. They broadcast their signals and are often available from outside the area that an organization contols.

Building Secure Wireless Networks #

Connection Methods #

Cellular #

• networks provide connectivity by dividing geographic areas into “cells”.
• Each cell might have more than one tower.
• 5G needs more attena density, but has more throughput, so requires more antenna planning than 4G.
• Provided by cellular carriers. - So it’s a external network from your organization.
• Operating Scope : Long range

WIFI #

• is a set of protocols for wireless LAN.
• Most popular radio bands: 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz
• Uses multiple channels for different WIFI networks to coexist in each others vicinity.
• Key security concern is that the signals travel outside the organization’s walls.
• Different standards 802.11b, 802.11ac, 802.11x, 802.11n, 802.11g…
  • Some are “aliased” like WIFI 6 is the alias for 802.11ax
• Protocols like WPA2 and WPA3 provide security like encryption, authentication and network frames protection.
• Wifi Devices Modes
  • ad hoc - device-2-device communication, like p2p. No intermediaries. But both devices must be able to reach each other. Sometimes called mesh.
  • infrastructure - direct all traffic through base station/access point. Typical for your home router or access point. They follow a star/hub-and-spoke network design.
• Service Set Identifiers (SSID) are used to identify networks, these can be broadcasted or kept private.
• Operating Scope : Mid range

Bluetooth #

• radio band: 2.4 GHz
• purpose : Low power, short range and low bandwith.
• Operationg mode : Point-2-Point
• Operating Scope : close range
• Pairing : Process for establishing a connection, requires sometimes a pin to complete.
• Security Modes
  • 1 - No Security (non-secure)
  • 2 - Service-level enforced security
  • 3 - Link-level enforced securty
  • 4 - Standard pairing with Security Simple Pairing (SSP)
• encryption is supported, relies on PIN used by both devices, like a shared key.
  • Devices like headsets use FIXED PINS decreasing its security.
• Attacks against authN and negotiating encryption keys allows for eavesdropping.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) #

• Tags are either
  • active: Powered themselves and always emits signals to be read by a reader
  • semie-active: Powered themselves, but emit signals when the reader asks for it
  • passive: entirely powered by the reader.
• Frequencey Ranges
  • low - short-range, low-power (touch field)
    • Use case : Entry Access & Identification
    • power and frequency can be different around the world, so might not work everywhere the same.
  • high - Up to a meter (near field)
    • Communicates faster than low
    • Support read-only, write-only and rewritable tags
  • ultra-high - highest range and speed to read.
    • Use Cases: inventory, antitheft (shops)
• Operating Scope : near to close range (up yo 100m for active tags)
• Tags are small and inexpensive
• Attack Vectors
  • Destruct/damage tag so they can’t be read
  • Reprograming of tags
  • Tags can be cloned, modified or spoofed, or readers can be impersonated.

Global Position System (GPS) #

• Operating Scope : very wide range
• Only sends signals - you receive location and time signals, but you don’t connect to have a casual dialog.
• Attack Vectors
  • Signal can be jammed
  • Signal can be spoofed
• Goal : Geolocation
• GPS often combined with other location centric data (wifi names, bluetooth, …) to have an accurate location of a device.

Near Field Communication (NFC) #

• Operating Scope : near/touch range (~10 cm)
• Device-2-device communication
• Low bandiwth
• Attack Vectors
  • When in close proximity: Intercept NFC traffic, replay attacks and spoof attacks.
  • NFC decices must not respond to queries unless desired. That’s why paying with APple Pay, you need to “trigger your card” first before you can pay.

Infrared #

• Device-2-device communication, but networks are technically possible
• Attack Vectors
  • Can be caputed by anything in line of sight.

Wireless Network Models #

• point-top-point (decentralized) like device to device, direct connection.
• point-top-multipoint (centralized) like an accesspoint/router using the infrastructure mode, central hub
• mesh - Multiple interconnected paths between many devices
• broadcast - sends out on many nodes (like GPS), no return path

Attacks Against Wireless Networks and Devices #

EvilTwins and Rogue Access Points #

• EvilTwin is an Access Point (AP) setup to “appear” as a legitimate trusted network.
  • Specific type of rogue AP that impersonates a legitimate network
  • Emits the same SSID as the network it tries to impersonate.
  • The EvilTwin can be placed closer to a dvice or be stronger than the legititime network.
    • (Other techniques exists also)
  • The goal is that target is tricked into connecting to the EvilTwin AP instead of the legitimate AP.
  • The attacker provides internet to the target to not give any impressions something is wrong.
  • Meanwhile, the attacker is on-path and can do lots of typical on-path type of attacks. *e.g. False login screens, false websites, …
• Rogue Acces Points are APs added to your network intentionally or unintentionally.
  • The broader category of an *EvilTwin.
  • Any unauthorized access point (umbrella term)
  • Other examples:
    • Honey Pot AP: “Free_WiFi”, so there is no attempt to impersonation for example.
  • Defenses
    • Auto detection of new AP in vicinity.
    • Wireless IDS can spot unknown AP and identify if they’re connected to your network.

Bluetooth Attacks #

• Bluejacking - Send unsolicited messages to Bluetooth enabled devices.
• Bluesnarfing - Unauthorized acces to a Bluetooth device.
  • Aims to gather information like contact lists or other senstive information from a device.
• Bluetooth Impersonation Attacks (IBA)
  • Takes advantage of bluetooth specification weakness
• Defeneses - not many
  • Often easible guissable PINs (e.g. 0000) an then establish long teem kwy for connecting.
  • Use non standard pins
  • Patch your hardware

RF and Protocol Attacks #

When you want a system to disconnect from a wireless network or conduct an evil twin attack can use either:

• Disassociation
• Jamming

• Disassociation - Many attacks work better if they can be there when a device connects to a wireless network.
  • Therefore, making a device disconnect/dissaociate momentarily allows the attacker to capture the WIFI connection traffic or to insert an EvilTwin.
  • How?
    • Send a deuauthentication frame to the AP with a spoofed mac address from the victim. This causes the AP to disconnect the device and require it to reconnect/reauthenticate.
    • WPA2: management frames often not encrypted, so possible
    • WPA3: management frames encrypted, so impossible
• Jamming block all traffix in a range/frequency aka wireless inteference.

Sideload and Jailbreaks #

• Sideloading Transfer files to mobile devices, often via USB/MicroSD to install apps from outside the store. This is not always necessarily malicious. Could be to get around geoblocks in app stores.
• Jailbreaks do privilege escalation in the OS of the device.

Designing a Network #

• Requires careful Wireless Access Point (WAP) placement + configuration.
  • There is limited amount of channels
  • Too many WAPs using same channel in range of each other can degrade performance.
• Site Surveys - Move through facility/space to determine
  • Existing networks
  • Location options for WAPs
  • Tools allow to make Heatmap
    • where wifi signals are, the strength, the channels they use and devices.
    • APs reach are no perfect circles, cause objects influence their reach
  • Wifi channels overlap each other slightly, the goal is, based on existing networks and their channels, to pick a channel that has the least overlap with used channels.
• Wifi Analyzers are your go to tool fro doing site surveys and build heatmaps.

Controller and Access Point Security #

• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) controllers
  • Manage APs and wireless network.
  • You could operate with only stand-alone APs, ok for small organizations.
  • Hardening:
    • Change default settings
    • Disable insecure protocols and services
    • Strong passwords
    • protect admin interfaces
    • patch and update

Wi-Fi Security Standards #

• Wifi Protected Access (WPA)
• WPA2
  • WPA2-Personal uses pre-shared key (aka WPA2-psk)
  • WPA2-Enterprise uses RADIUS authentication server. Users can have unique credentials to connect.
  • Uses Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP)
    • Uses AES to offer condifentiality, authentication and control capabilities,
• WPA3
  • Adds Network Authentication on top of WPA2 (which only has User Authentication) - The right for the device itself to connect.
  • Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) replaces preshared key and require interaction from client and network to validate both.
    • Mutual proof: Both prove they know the password without revealing it
    • It’s slows down brute-force attacks
    • Password-to-key derivation: Converts WiFi password into unique session keys
    • Different keys per session: Each connection gets unique encryption keys
    • Perfect Forward Secrecy - Rotates the keys ongoing basis so a single exposed key doesnt’ result in entire communication to be exposed. Keys can be refreshed any time basically.
    • Adds authenticated encryption => Encryption + integrity protection in one operation.
• Opertunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) to provide encypted WIFI on ope networks when possible.

Wireless Authentication #

• Open Networks - Often us portals to login. Doesn’t offer protection unless someone uses https.
• Preshared keys - allows encrypted traffic but not unique identifiedf.
• Enterprise - Relies on RADUIS and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) for authN.

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) #

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a wireleess authentication protocol that has many variants because it’s extensible.

• Protected EAP (PEAP) authenticates with certificate and wraps EAP in TLS tunnel.
  • Devices use unqiue encryption keys (public key encruption) during TLS establishment.
  • Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) - used to replace keys regularly
• EAP-Flexible Authentication Via Secure Tunneling (EAP-FAST) CISCO developed and imrpvoes on Lightweigth EAP.
  • Focus on faster authentication while devices are roaming.
  • Uses preshared private key for faster for reauthentication
• EAP-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) certificate-based authentication + mutual authentication of device and network. Due to certificate management, less mainstream.
• EAP-Tunneled Trasport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS) extends EAP-TLS but client is NOT required to have certificate.
  • It removes the certificate overhead that comes with EAP-TLS.
  • Requires extra sofrware, and PEAP not, in case you want something without certificates.

Managing Secure Mobile Devices #

Mobile Device Deployment Methods #

Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) #

• Who Owns The Device: The User
• Who Controls and Maintains Device: The User
• Cost For Organization: Low
• Risk Factor: High
• Description: Bring personally owned device, gives user freedom and lower cost to organization, but greater risk.

Choose-Your-Own-Device (CYOD) #

• Who Owns The Device: The Organization
• Who Controls and Maintains Device: The Organization
• Cost For Organization: High
• Risk Factor: Low
• Description: gives user freedom and less risk

Corporate-Owned, Personally-Enabled (COPE) #

• Who Owns The Device: The Organization
• Who Controls and Maintains Device: The Organization
• Cost For Organization: High
• Risk Factor: Low
• Description: Allow reasonable personal use while meeting enterprise needs control and security.

Corporate-Owned #

• Who Owns The Device: The Organization
• Who Controls and Maintains Device: The Organization
• Cost For Organization: High
• Risk Factor: Lowest
• Description: Least flexibility but most secure

Corporate-Owned; Business Only (COBO) #

• Who Owns The Device: The Organization
• Who Controls and Maintains Device: The Organization
• Cost For Organization: High
• Risk Factor: Lowest
• Description: For devices that are not meant to be used outsid work (like ticket scanners for events)

Precautions #

• Virtual Desktop Infrastucture - Allows low-security devices to access a secure managed environment
• Ccntainerization - split devices bbetween work and personal-use environments without mixing data/access.

Hardening Mobile Devices #

• CIS Checklist IOS See
• CIS Checklist Android See

Mobile Device Management (MDM) #

• Or Unified Endpoint Management (UEM) tools, they reach further than just mobiles as endpoint.
• Or Mobile Application Management (MAM) is more about the applications, not the OS level.
• Features
  • Mobile Content Management (MCM) for secure access and control of organizational files
  • Geolocation migth help found lost phones or disable usage outside a perimeter.
    • Can be used for Geofencing and context-aware authentication
  • Geofence
  • Enforce locks/passwor/biometrics
  • Context-aware authN
  • Containerizarion
  • Storage segmentation
  • Full Device Encryption
  • Push Notifications
  • remote wipe

Resources #

• ASUS Merlin Firmware
  • More